Windows vs Mac vs Linux

03.20 for Indonesia

Comparing macOS and Windows in terms of security vulnerabilities, viruses, and update patches is a nuanced discussion. Historically, macOS held a strong reputation for being inherently more secure and less targeted, but with its increasing market share, that dynamic is shifting. For a more objective review, we add section to compare with Linux security features.

We believe that there is no OS is 100% immune to malware. The idea that Macs and Linux don't get viruses is outdated.

In 2025, Linux, macOS and Windows have robust built-in security features and dedicated teams working to address vulnerabilities.

·      Linux, As Linux is increasingly used in servers, cloud environments, IoT devices, and even some desktop scenarios, it becomes a more attractive target for cybercriminals due to the potential for a higher return on investment. Misconceptions: The long-held belief that "Linux is immune to malware" has led to a false sense of security, with some users and organizations not implementing adequate security measures. Added with human error factor, linux is potentially exposed to malicious code, exploits and attacks.

·      Windows will likely continue to face a higher volume and diversity of threats due to its dominant market share and more open ecosystem. However, its defensive capabilities (especially Microsoft Defender and enterprise security features) are highly advanced.

• macOS is no longer the "immune" system it once was. Its threat landscape is growing, particularly with adware and PUPs.²⁰ However, its fundamental architecture and stricter app controls still provide a strong baseline of security.

Ranking operating systems by their security vulnerabilities, virus susceptibility, and attack protection for a general user in 2025 involves considering a mix of inherent design, market share, and user practices. Our analysis, reveals important caveats:

1. Linux (Generally the Most Secure)

Why:

• Permissions Model: Linux's Unix-like permissions are very granular and restrictive by default. Regular users typically don't have root (administrator) access, making it much harder for malware to gain system-wide control without explicit user action.
• Smaller Target: Linux desktop market share is significantly smaller than Windows or macOS. This makes it less attractive for cybercriminals looking to maximize their reach with widespread malware campaigns.
• Open Source Vigilance: Its open-source nature means thousands of developers worldwide scrutinize the code, often leading to quicker discovery and patching of vulnerabilities.
• Diverse Distributions (Distros): The vast number of Linux distributions, and their customizable nature, makes it harder for attackers to create "one-size-fits-all" malware. Some distros are even specifically designed for security (e.g., Qubes OS, Tails).
• Package Management: Software is typically installed from trusted repositories managed by the distro, reducing the risk of downloading malicious applications.
• Kernel Hardening: Linux kernels often include advanced security features like SELinux or AppArmor for mandatory access control.

Vulnerabilities & Viruses:

• Fewer in Quantity: Linux experiences significantly fewer widespread malware and virus attacks compared to Windows and macOS.
• Targeted Attacks: While less frequent, Linux systems can still be targeted, especially in server environments or by sophisticated attackers.
• User Error: As with any OS, poor user habits (e.g., running untrusted scripts as root, disabling security features) can compromise security.

Update Patches:

• Frequent and Fast: The open-source community generally pushes out patches very quickly once vulnerabilities are identified.
• Distribution Dependent: Patch frequency and ease of application can vary slightly between different Linux distributions. Most popular distros (Ubuntu, Fedora, Debian) have robust and frequent update mechanisms.

2. macOS (Very Secure, But a Growing Target)

Why:

• Unix-based Foundation: Similar to Linux, macOS benefits from a Unix-based core, providing strong permission models and system integrity.
• Gatekeeper & SIP: Apple's built-in security features like Gatekeeper (prevents unsigned apps from running easily) and System Integrity Protection (SIP) lock down critical system files, making it harder for malware to take hold.
• Sandboxing: Applications are heavily sandboxed, limiting their access to other parts of the system and user data, even if compromised.
• Tightly Integrated Ecosystem: Apple's control over hardware and software allows for better optimization and security integration.
• App Store Review: Apps distributed through the Mac App Store undergo an approval process, reducing the risk of malicious software.

Vulnerabilities & Viruses:

• Increasingly Targeted: As macOS market share grows, so does the interest of cybercriminals. The volume of Mac-specific malware (especially adware, PUPs, and some Trojans) has been on the rise.
• User Perception: The lingering myth that "Macs don't get viruses" can lead users to be less cautious, making them vulnerable to social engineering and phishing attacks.
• Less Diversity: Compared to Windows, the less diverse hardware and software ecosystem of macOS can make it a more predictable target for attackers once a vulnerability is found.

Update Patches:

• Regular & Automated: Apple provides regular security updates that are often well-integrated and can be set to install automatically, leading to a good patch adoption rate among users.
• Sometimes Large: Updates can be quite large, but generally, the process is streamlined.

3. Windows (Most Targeted, but with Robust Built-in Protection)

Why:

• Largest Market Share: Windows remains the most widely used desktop operating system globally. This makes it the primary target for the vast majority of cybercriminals, leading to the highest volume and diversity of malware.
• Open Ecosystem: While a strength for compatibility, its open nature (allowing installation of software from anywhere) presents a larger attack surface.
• Legacy Code: Windows carries more legacy code, which can introduce older vulnerabilities, though Microsoft actively works to address these.

Vulnerabilities & Viruses:

• Highest Volume: Windows faces the highest number of viruses, ransomware, trojans, spyware, and other forms of malware.
• Supply Chain Attacks: Vulnerabilities in third-party software and the broader software supply chain are a significant risk.
• User Privilege Issues: Historically, many Windows users ran with full administrator privileges by default, making it easier for malware to gain control. While User Account Control (UAC) helps, it's still a common issue.

Update Patches:

• Frequent & Critical: Microsoft issues frequent and critical security updates (e.g., "Patch Tuesday") to address newly discovered vulnerabilities. They are generally very fast in patching critical exploits.
• User Control & Adoption: Windows offers more control over update deployment, which can be a double-edged sword. While good for enterprise IT, individual users sometimes defer or disable updates, leaving themselves vulnerable.
• Advanced Built-in Defenses: Windows 10 and 11 have significantly improved their built-in security. Microsoft Defender Antivirus is now a highly capable security solution, along with features like SmartScreen, BitLocker, and enhanced sandboxing.

Important Caveats & Factors for All OS:

• User Behavior: This is by far the biggest factor in cybersecurity. Clicking malicious links, downloading pirated software, using weak passwords, and ignoring updates will compromise any OS.
• Software Installed: The more third-party software you install, the larger your attack surface, regardless of the OS.
• Network Security: Your router's security, firewall rules, and use of VPNs also play a significant role.
• Browser Security: Modern web browsers (Chrome, Firefox, Edge, Safari) have strong built-in security features against phishing, malware downloads, and malicious sites. Keeping your browser updated is crucial.
• Zero-Day Exploits: No OS is immune to zero-day vulnerabilities (exploits unknown to the vendor). The speed at which a community or vendor identifies and patches these is critical.

In conclusion, while Linux generally offers the highest inherent security for a desktop user due to its architecture and smaller attack surface, both macOS and Windows have made significant strides in their built-in security features. The "most secure" system often comes down to the user's diligence in maintaining their system and practicing good cyber hygiene.

The most crucial factor for security on either platform is user behaviour and proper system maintenance (i.e., regular updates and patches) While some inherent architectural differences exist, a well-maintained and securely configured Windows machine can be very secure, and a carelessly used Mac can be easily compromised. So, the man behind the gun still plays significant roles to security and o/s protection. How about android system? Nowadays, its deploy in most car, not only autonomous car, but regular car to control gas efficiency, car ev and other automated controls, has it secured from CVE, exploits and hackers?